Permissions & sudo

Read -rwxr-x---: type, owner(rwx), group(r-x), others(---). Octal: r=4 w=2 x=1, so chmod 640 = owner rw, group r.

sudo -l lists your sudo rights — a pentester's first move after landing on a box. SUID binaries run as their owner; an abusable SUID-root binary is privilege escalation (find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null).